Mallo

Lightweight Customizable Python web framework with a small core, built-in live reload, templates, routing, static files, and customizable error pages.

Installation

Install from PyPI:

pip install mallo

Recommended after install try mallo cli:

mallo create myapp
cd myapp
python app.py

Quick Start

Create app.py:

from mallo import Mallo

app = Mallo(__name__, live_reload=True)

@app.get('/')
def home(request):
    return '<h1>Hello from Mallo</h1>'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True, use_reloader=True)

Run:

python app.py

Open http://localhost:8000.

---

Config Object and Env Overrides

Mallo now resolves app settings through MalloConfig (defaults + environment + constructor overrides).

from mallo import Mallo

app = Mallo(
    __name__,
    template_folder='views',
    static_folder='assets',
    debug=True,
)

Environment variables (examples):

MALLO_DEBUG=1
MALLO_TEMPLATE_FOLDER=views
MALLO_STATIC_FOLDER=assets
MALLO_CSRF_PROTECT=0
MALLO_SECURITY_HEADERS=1

Precedence:

1. Explicit Mallo(...) arguments
2. Environment variables
3. Framework defaults

Read resolved config:

print(app.config_obj.get('template_folder'))
print(app.config_obj.as_dict())

---

Hot Reload

Mallo has two reload-related behaviors:

1. Server reload (use_reloader in app.run(...))
2. Browser auto-refresh (live_reload in Mallo(...))

What the hot reloader does:

• Watches your project files for changes (.py, .html, .css, .js, and others).
• When a change is detected, it stops the running app process and starts a new one.
• In debug mode with live_reload=True, HTML responses include a small script that checks a reload endpoint.
• If the app process restarts, the browser detects a token change and refreshes automatically.

Enable both:

app = Mallo(__name__, live_reload=True)
app.run(debug=True, use_reloader=True)

When hot reloader is deactivated:

app = Mallo(__name__, live_reload=False)
app.run(debug=True, use_reloader=False)

What this means:

• use_reloader=False: Python process will not restart on file changes.
• live_reload=False: Browser auto-refresh script will not be injected.
• You need to restart the app manually after code changes.

---

Template Rendering

Mallo supports 2 ways to render templates.

1) render_template() (from templates/ folder)

Use when your templates live in a templates directory.

from mallo import Mallo, render_template

app = Mallo(__name__)

@app.get('/')
def home(request):
    return render_template('index.html', name='Mallo')

Expected structure:

project/
  app.py
  templates/
    index.html

You can change template folder:

app = Mallo(__name__, template_folder='views')

2) render_template_file() (explicit file path)

Use when you want to render by full/relative file path directly.

from mallo import Mallo, render_template_file

app = Mallo(__name__)

@app.get('/about')
def about(request):
    return render_template_file('pages/about.html', title='About')

Template syntax

• Variables: {{ name }}
• Safe output (skip escaping): {{ html_content | safe }}
• If blocks: {% if show %}...{% endif %}
• For blocks: {% for item in items %}...{% endfor %}

---

Routing

General route decorator:

@app.route('/about')
def about(request):
    return 'About page'

@app.route() defaults to GET.

Route with multiple methods:

@app.route('/contact', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def contact(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        return 'Form submitted'
    return 'Contact form'

Method shortcuts:

@app.get('/hello/<name>')
def hello(request, name):
    return f'Hello {name}'

@app.get('/user/<int:id>')
def user(request, id):
    return f'User #{id}'

@app.get('/file/<path:filepath>')
def file_route(request, filepath):
    return filepath

Generate routes by handler name:

profile_url = app.url_for('user', id=10)  # /user/10

Route Prefix Groups

Group routes under a shared prefix and middleware/default options:

api = app.group('/api')

@api.get('/users')
def users(request):
    return {'ok': True}

With group middleware:

def api_mw(request, call_next):
    response = call_next(request)
    response.headers['X-API'] = '1'
    return response

api = app.group('/api', middleware=[api_mw])

---

Per-Route Config

Routes can define specific options:

@app.post('/webhook', csrf=False)
def webhook(request):
    return 'ok'

Available per-route options:

• name='route_name' for app.url_for(...)
• middleware=[...] route-specific middleware list
• csrf=False to disable CSRF for that route

Example:

def audit_mw(request, call_next):
    response = call_next(request)
    response.headers['X-Audit'] = 'on'
    return response

@app.get('/profile/<int:id>', name='profile_show', middleware=[audit_mw])
def profile(request, id):
    return f'profile {id}'

url = app.url_for('profile_show', id=10)  # /profile/10

---

Request Data

@app.get('/search')
def search(request):
    q = request.get('q', '')
    return f'query={q}'

@app.post('/submit')
def submit(request):
    name = request.post('name', '')
    return f'name={name}'

JSON body:

@app.post('/api')
def api(request):
    data = request.json or {}
    return {'received': data}

Multipart/form-data files:

from mallo.response import Response

@app.post('/upload')
def upload(request):
    file_info = request.files.get('file')
    if not file_info:
        return Response('No file', status=400)
    return f"Uploaded: {file_info['filename']}"

---

Responses

Return simple values:

• str -> HTML response
• dict / list -> JSON response with application/json

Or use response classes:

from mallo.response import JSONResponse, RedirectResponse, FileResponse

@app.get('/json')
def json_route(request):
    return JSONResponse({'ok': True})

@app.get('/go')
def go(request):
    return RedirectResponse('/')

---

Sessions and CSRF

Enable sessions by setting secret_key.

app = Mallo(__name__, secret_key='change-this-in-production')

Use session:

@app.get('/set')
def set_session(request):
    request.session['name'] = 'Betrand'
    return 'saved'

For unsafe methods (POST, PUT, DELETE), CSRF token is validated by default. Include token in forms:

@app.get('/form')
def form(request):
    return f"""
    <form method="post" action="/form">
      <input type="hidden" name="csrf_token" value="{request.csrf_token}">
      <input name="name">
      <button type="submit">Send</button>
    </form>
    """

Or send token in header X-Csrf-Token.

---

Database (SQLAlchemy Core)

Mallo now supports database integration via SQLAlchemy Core.

from mallo import Mallo, Database

app = Mallo(__name__)
db = Database("sqlite:///app.db")
app.init_db(db)  # request.db is now available in handlers

Basic operations:

@app.post('/users')
def create_user(request):
    request.db.execute(
        "INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (:name)",
        {"name": "Betrand"}
    )
    return {"ok": True}

@app.get('/users')
def list_users(request):
    rows = request.db.fetchall("SELECT id, name FROM users ORDER BY id DESC")
    return {"users": rows}

Available DB methods:

• execute(sql, params=None) for write/update/delete
• fetchone(sql, params=None) returns one row as dict or None
• fetchall(sql, params=None) returns list of dict rows
• transaction() context manager
• close() to dispose the engine

Transaction example:

from sqlalchemy import text

with db.transaction() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        text("INSERT INTO logs (message) VALUES (:msg)"),
        {"msg": "started"}
    )

See runnable example:

• example/db_demo.py

---

Static Files

If static/ exists, files are served at /static/....

project/
  static/
    styles.css

In HTML:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/styles.css">

---

Error Pages (404/500)

Mallo ships with default styled error pages.

Option 1: Configure custom error HTML files

app = Mallo(
    __name__,
    error_page_404='templates/errors/404.html',
    error_page_500='templates/errors/500.html',
)

Option 2: Register custom handlers

from mallo import Mallo, render_template

app = Mallo(__name__)

@app.errorhandler(404)
def not_found(request):
    return render_template('errors/404.html')

@app.errorhandler(500)
def server_error(request):
    return render_template('errors/500.html')

Custom handler takes precedence over error_page_404 / error_page_500.

Debug-mode errors are also shown using a friendly error screen:

• clear error type + message
• traceback hidden behind an expandable details block
• non-overwhelming layout for faster debugging

---

Request Hooks

@app.before_request
def before(request):
    request.trace_id = 'abc123'

@app.after_request
def after(request, response):
    response.headers['X-Trace-Id'] = request.trace_id
    return response

---

Middleware

Mallo supports middleware with this signature:

middleware(request, call_next) -> Response|str|dict|list

Decorator style:

@app.middleware
def timing_middleware(request, call_next):
    response = call_next(request)
    response.headers['X-App'] = 'Mallo'
    return response

Function style:

def auth_middleware(request, call_next):
    if request.path.startswith('/admin'):
        return 'Unauthorized'
    return call_next(request)

app.use(auth_middleware)

Execution order:

1. before_request hooks
2. global middleware chain (@app.middleware, app.use)
3. route-specific middleware (middleware=[...] or group middleware)
4. route handler
5. after_request hooks

---

Developer Diagnostics

In debug mode, Mallo shows startup diagnostics when no user routes are registered.

This helps catch common mistakes early, such as:

• missing @ before route decorators
• route module not imported before app.run()
• route code path not executed

---

CLI

Create project:

mallo create myapp

Create with custom folders:

mallo create myapp --template-folder views --static-folder assets

Overwrite scaffold files if needed:

mallo create myapp --force

Run with gunicorn (Linux/macOS):

mallo run app:app

Options:

mallo run app:app --host 0.0.0.0 --port 9000 --no-debug --no-reload

Notes:

• Defaults: host localhost, port 8000, debug on.
• On Windows, mallo run prints a gunicorn support warning. Use python app.py.
• mallo create returns clear errors for invalid project names, non-empty folders, and file overwrite conflicts.

---

Minimal Full Example

from mallo import Mallo, render_template

app = Mallo(__name__, secret_key='dev-secret', live_reload=True)

@app.get('/')
def home(request):
    return render_template('index.html', csrf_token=request.csrf_token, name='Mallo')

@app.post('/save')
def save(request):
    name = request.post('name', '')
    request.session['name'] = name
    return f'Saved: {name}'

@app.errorhandler(404)
def custom_404(request):
    return render_template('errors/404.html')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True, use_reloader=True)

---

Contributing

Repository:

https://github.com/Betrand-dev/mallo-fr.git

Contributions are welcome. Good contribution paths:

1. Framework core

• middleware capabilities
• routing enhancements
• session backend improvements

2. Data and persistence

• migration tooling
• better SQLAlchemy utilities
• database testing coverage

3. Developer experience

• CLI ergonomics
• clearer error diagnostics
• docs and examples

4. Quality and stability

• regression tests
• edge-case handling
• compatibility verification

---

Future Improvements

Planned next improvements:

1. Database migration commands in CLI (mallo db init/migrate/upgrade)
2. Persistent session backends (Redis/file/cookie strategy)
3. Route-scoped rate limits and cache policy
4. Pluggable template engines (e.g., Jinja adapter)
5. Production observability (request IDs, JSON logs, metrics hooks)